1. Interferons
Interferons are a type of medication that helps reduce the inflammation in the central nervous system. They are often prescribed for relapsing-remitting MS, the most common form of the disease. Examples of Interferons used in MS treatment include Interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif) and Interferon beta-1b (Betaseron, Extavia). These medications are administered either as injections or as a nasal spray. Interferons can help to decrease the frequency and severity of MS relapses, as well as slow down the progression of the disease.
2. Glatiramer Acetate
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is another medication commonly used in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. It is a synthetic protein that mimics the myelin basic protein, a component of the protective covering of nerve fibers. Glatiramer acetate is administered as a subcutaneous injection on a daily or thrice-weekly basis. It helps to reduce the frequency of MS relapses and can also slow down the progression of the disease. This medication is usually well-tolerated and has few side effects.
3. Fingolimod
Fingolimod (Gilenya) is an oral medication used for the treatment of relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis. It works by trapping immune cells in the lymph nodes, preventing them from entering the central nervous system and causing inflammation. Fingolimod is taken once daily, and it has been shown to reduce the frequency of relapses and slow down the progression of disability in MS patients. However, this medication may have serious side effects, including an increased risk of infections and cardiac issues. Close monitoring is required during treatment.
4. Natalizumab
Natalizumab (Tysabri) is a medication used for the treatment of relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis. It works by binding to certain immune cells in the blood, preventing them from crossing the blood-brain barrier and causing damage. Natalizumab is administered through intravenous infusion once every four weeks. It has been shown to reduce the frequency of relapses and slow down the progression of disability. However, this medication carries a risk of a rare and potentially fatal side effect called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Regular monitoring is essential for patients taking Natalizumab.