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Early Symptoms and Detection of Diabetes
Some common early signs of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexpected weight loss, fatigue, vision changes and genital issues like erectile dysfunction. Screening methods that can help detect undiagnosed diabetes include random plasma glucose tests with levels over 126 mg/dL on two separate occasions, higher than normal fasting plasma glucose levels, a two-hour post-meal glucose test reading over 200 mg/dL, an oral glucose tolerance test showing levels over 200 mg/dL after two hours, or an HbA1c test result of 6.5% or higher indicating average blood sugar has been elevated in recent months. Tests like these allow medical professionals to identify prediabetes or diabetes in the early stages, before more severe health issues might develop.
Treatment of Diabetes
Oral medications - There are different classes of drugs like metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors etc. that boost insulin production or enhance the body's response to insulin. Insulin therapy - For those with type 1 diabetes or inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes, insulin injections or insulin pumps are needed to maintain healthy glucose levels. Lifestyle changes like healthy diet, weight management, regular exercise. This helps control blood sugar levels and prevent complications. Continuous glucose monitors - Devices that continuously track glucose levels, useful for optimizing insulin dosage or spotting trends. Routine screenings and exams - To check for early signs of potential complications and monitor treatment effectiveness.
Common Diabetes Drugs and Their Side Effects
- Sulfonylureas: Quick at lowering blood sugar but can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), with side effects like tremors and sweating. - Metformin: A long-acting blood sugar reducer but may lead to gastrointestinal issues like nausea and diarrhea. - Amylin mimetics: Lower risk of side effects but higher in cost. - DPP-4 inhibitors: Generally well-tolerated with modest glucose-lowering effects. May cause minor infections like cold symptoms. - GLP-1 receptor agonists: May induce nausea due to inhibition of gastric emptying, otherwise few side effects. - SGLT2 inhibitors: Potential for urinary tract infections and hypovolemia syndrome with sodium loss. - amylin mimetics: Rare but possible cardiovascular risks. In general, sulfonylureas and metformin carry a higher risk of side effects and require close glucose monitoring to avoid hypoglycemia. DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 drugs are usually better tolerated. The appropriate medication choice depends on the individual's condition and risk factors. Close supervision under a doctor is advised.
In summary
Diabetes prevalence continues to grow as a serious health challenge. However, through proactive prevention and effective control methods, individuals can take charge of their health and reduce the risks and burdens of this disease. While there is no cure, committed long-term management has been shown to prevent diabetes complications, support overall wellness, and lead to better long-term outcomes. With knowledge of available strategies and the determination to adopt a few practical changes, people affected by diabetes can empower themselves to live well.