Genetics
Research suggests that there may be a genetic component to psoriatic arthritis. Certain genes have been identified that appear to increase the risk of developing the condition. Having a family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis can also be a risk factor. However, not everyone with these genetic factors will develop the disease, indicating that other factors are involved.
Immune system dysfunction
Psoriatic arthritis is thought to be an autoimmune disease, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. In the case of psoriatic arthritis, the immune system targets the joints and skin. This immune system dysfunction leads to inflammation and the subsequent symptoms of the disease. The exact cause of this immune dysfunction is not well understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Environmental triggers
Certain environmental factors are believed to trigger the development of psoriatic arthritis in individuals who are genetically predisposed. These triggers can vary from person to person, but some common triggers include infections, physical trauma to the joints, and stress. Infections, particularly streptococcal infections, have been associated with the onset of psoriatic arthritis. Injury or trauma to the joints can also trigger the disease in some individuals. Additionally, emotional stress has been known to worsen symptoms in people who already have psoriatic arthritis.
Other factors
In addition to genetics, immune system dysfunction, and environmental triggers, there are other factors that may contribute to the development of psoriatic arthritis. Obesity has been identified as a risk factor, as excess weight puts stress on the joints. Smoking has also been linked to an increased risk of developing psoriatic arthritis. Certain medications, such as lithium and beta blockers, have been associated with triggering the disease in some individuals. It is important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop psoriatic arthritis, and the presence of these factors does not guarantee the development of the disease.